Human Resource Function Of A Company - 855 Words

Introduction The human resource function of a company can easily be deemed as the most important section of a company. Human resource management is considered the lifeline of an organization mainly because it plays a major role with the hiring of staff, ensures the health and well-being of employees while working, and ensures the organization is in compliance going forward. Importance of Human Resource Management From a budget control standpoint, human resources explore methods to save the organization expenses on items such as wages, benefits, and uniforms if necessary. These savings are produced by conducting effective studying of the labor market and determining the realistic wage to pay employees. In addition, human resource management conducts negotiations on negotiable items to alleviate budget constraints by all means. Budget control and sustaining business essentially go hand in hand. An organization with smart and effective spending habits will have a better chance of gaining more business opportunities due to available resources. Conflict resolution and maintaining the organization’s image in a positive way is also a main concern of human resource management. Every organization wants to be known as a great place to work, and a place that treats employees fairly and produces good products. Human resources plays an intricate role in shaping the public perception of the o rganization. This task is achieved by hiring highly competent and qualified applicantsShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management Functions Of The Company1635 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resource Management Function Based on Bandag’s size, it is important for the company to look closely at the human resource functions of the company. Currently, Jim’s executive assistant handles the day-to-day human resource management. 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Determining The Sample Design Education Essay Free Essays

string(168) " status is here concentrating on the working environment, the comfortss, noise degree and grade of safety or danger involved while set abouting a touristry occupation\." This chapter has every bit chief purpose to look into on the attitude and perceptual experience of pupils about a calling in the touristry industry. This chapter will clarify all the procedure for research used in this survey, it be from job definition phase to the aggregation of informations phase. As the research method is inflowing on the findings of a research, there is the demand to carefully do usage of the proper procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Determining The Sample Design Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research Procedure There has been tremendous assortment of attacks to research. They all suggest that non all research undertakings follow exactly the same sequence of processs. Specifically to this paper, the stairss to utilize are adopted from C.R Kothari ( 2004 ) published book ‘Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques ‘ for its simpleness. Below are the stairss: Explicating the research job Extensive literature reappraisal Fixing the research design Determining the sample design Roll uping the information Execution of the undertaking Analysis of informations Preparation of study 3.1 Problem Formulation Why is it that despite shiping on a touristry instruction trek, touristry pupils incorporating the industry for a calling is one of the chief challenges confronting the sector? The point is why they commit themselves to the plan from the beginning till the terminal, to eventually choosing out of a touristry calling. So this paper aims at supplying a better apprehension of the different factors that may act upon their attitude about such a calling. 3.1.1 Research Aims To catch a sight about whether touristry pupils of University of Mauritius will be be aftering to foster their callings in the Tourism Industry after a 3 A? class in Tourism, Leisure and Recreation Management Assess the variables impacting pupils ‘ pick to incorporate the industry Analyze differences in the sentiment of two different groups of undergraduate pupils ; experienced pupils v/s not experient pupils Identify how touristry undergraduate of the University of Mauritius perceive the Tourism Industry as an employer 3.1.2 Research Questions What is the influence of pupil ‘s sensed nature of work in the touristry industry on their attitude and perceptual experience towards a touristry calling? How does pupil ‘s perceptual experience of societal position in the touristry industry act upon their attitude and perceptual experience towards a touristry calling? How does pupil ‘s perceptual experience of publicity chances in the touristry industry act upon their attitude and perceptual experience towards a touristry calling? How does pupil ‘s perceptual experience of wage and benefits in the touristry industry act upon their attitude and perceptual experience towards a touristry calling? How does pupil ‘s perceptual experience of physical working status in the touristry industry act upon their attitude and perceptual experience towards a touristry calling? 3.1.3 Research Hypotheses Hypothesis testing is concerned with the job of finding whether or non, a statement about the chance distribution of informations, is consistent with the available sample grounds. For the intent of this survey, hypotheses have been developed following the premise of them being the most important determiners for pupils ‘ perceptual experience towards the touristry industry. A conceptual model is proposed to diagrammatically show the hypotheses. Hypothesis One: Nature of work and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. Nature of work has proved to be a major determiner in pupils ‘ attitude harmonizing to old research. Low wage rate and unsociable working hours has been lending to nature of work being as important. Harmonizing to Parsons A ; Care ( 1991 ) , those two component may negatively impact occupation satisfaction and motive of undergraduates, forcing them out of the industry. Following that review the undermentioned statement for the survey is deduced: H0 There is no important relationship between nature of work and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. H1 There is important negative relationship between nature of work and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. Hypothesis Two: Social position and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. Social position is defined as the award and prestigiousness attached to one ‘s place in a society from a sociological or anthropology point of position ( one ‘s societal place ) . There are two ways how one can gain their societal position. One can have it through his ain accomplishment which is termed as accomplishment position or one can have it by their inherited place which is called ascribed position. The society stratification system is the system which determines the societal position of persons within a society. It has been found that societal position is associated with peculiar businesss within a broad society and this derived from a assortment of occupational factors such as the socially constructed value attributed to the accomplishments present in the business and the place in the labor market occupied by the type of work force and the nature of the work itself ( Watson, 1995, p. 202 ) . Status is considered of import for an employee being satisfied with his occupation and it is considered of import among forces ( Chellen A ; Nunkoo, 2010 ) . This could along impact on employees ‘ committedness to their work. Tourism occupations have instead have low position. It has been considered non suited for adult female and inferior as compared to other sectors for males ( Chellen A ; Nunkoo, 2010 ) . Such critics have led to a negative perceptual experience of the sector by possible recruits therefore making that challenge presently confronting the industry. Out of this, it has been assu med that societal position weighs rather heavy at act uponing pupils where the undermentioned statements are set: H0 There is no important relationship between societal position and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. H2 There is important relationship between societal position and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. Hypothesis Three: Physical Working Condition and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. The on the job status is here concentrating on the working environment, the comfortss, noise degree and grade of safety or danger involved while set abouting a touristry occupation. You read "Determining The Sample Design Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" In several surveies, physical working status scored a grade below demand in the trial for internal consistence and dependability under Cronbach ‘s alpha. But still, Kusluvan and Kusluvan ( 2000 ) in his determiners to prove for attitude of pupils include working status and it has proved to burden well. Included in most surveies, hunts have found that it contributes negatively to the image of the industry. Cloakroom, bathrooms and eating halls of workers are more likely negatively rated. Following this, it has been assumed that working status is a possible factor act uponing pupil attitudes, therefore the undermentioned statements: H0 There is no important relationship between physical working status and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. H3 There is important relationship between physical status and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. Hypothesis Four: Wage and benefits, and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. By and large talking, people look for a occupation to acquire a wage at the terminal of the twenty-four hours. For touristry endeavors, pay demand to be devised in the proper construction so that it worth the attempt put in a occupation. Fringe benefits are progressively deriving importance towards today employees. A combination of the two in a proper designed construction should ease attractive force and keeping of possible recruits for the touristry industry. A proper wages system will heighten the motive of workers already working, therefore impacting on the quality of service bringing. The employee needs on his side to set the needed attempt and utilize the proper accomplishments to cover with the occupation reflecting the wage degree. Harmonizing to Tank ( 1990 ) people by and large leave constitutions because of dissatisfaction with salary mobbing from equals or higher-ups, dissension with human resources direction policies ( Chellen A ; Nunkoo, 2010 ) . Following the above, i t can be assumed that wage and benefits are cardinal determiners on pupils ‘ attitude for a touristry calling, therefore the statements proposed below: H0 There is no important relationship between wage and benefits, and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. H3 There is important relationship between wage and benefits, and pupil ‘s attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry Hypothesis Five: Promotion and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. For the coevals Y, turning in an endeavor is of import. Opportunities for growing are the characteristic people looking for while seeking a occupation in the current employment state of affairs and the ground behind are largely increased wage and other personal aims. Generation Y alumnuss are really ambitious and they want to mount up the direction ladder fast, that is why they are loath to come in endeavors offering small publicity chances. In conditions where publicity is unjust, they tend to travel to other sectors where it is instead based on virtue, which enhance their satisfaction as a worker. Therefore, consequently, publicity chances are assumed to be of import for determining student attitude and the statements that follow: H0 There is no important relationship between publicity chances and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. H4 There is important relationship between publicity chances and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. Social Status Nature of Work H2 H1 Students ‘ attitude and perceptual experience of a touristry calling Promotion Opportunities Physical Working Condition H3 H4 H5 Pay and Benefits Figure 1: Proposed Model with the Hypothesized Relationships 3.2 Extensive Literature Review In position of geting both theoretical and practical cognition about the subject under survey, a elaborate reading on the topic was done through several beginnings. Further reading was done on the theory applicable to the survey. The chief beginning to garner relevant information for understanding the topic, were the academic diaries on the cyberspace, via Emerald and Ebsco library made available to pupils by the university library. Further articles were available on the Google web site. Readings, increased cognition and informations gathered aid invent the proper hypotheses and design the equal questionnaire. Therefore placing the relevant literatures was of import for the proper running of the survey. 3.3 Determine Research Design Research design constitutes the blue-print for aggregation, measuring, and analysis of informations. In other words, research design involves the development of the overall program to associate the conceptual research job to the empirical research ( Ghauri et al, 1995 ) . In relation to this survey, both qualitative and quantitative research method will be used. 3.3.1 Qualitative Research Qualitative research is carried out for the intent of depicting, researching, and explicating the phenomena being studied. A tool for qualitative research that fits in this paper is the explorative research. Exploratory Research Exploratory research is portion of the qualitative method of research and for the current survey, the explorative signifier of research in in the signifier of literature reappraisal. Literature reappraisal A literature reappraisal is an history of what has been published on a subject by commissioned bookmans and research workers. Literature reappraisal was carried out for this paper to garner relevant information and the positions of different writers refering to the research topic. Information was gathered largely about the factors act uponing pupils ‘ attitude, the theory that could be adapted ( Theory of planned behavior ) , touristry instruction and internship as portion of the touristry course of study. 3.3.2 Quantitative Research A quantitative attack is one in which the research worker chiefly uses post-positivist claims for developing cognition ( i.e. cause and consequence thought, decrease to specific variables and hypotheses and inquiries, usage of measuring and observation, and the trial of theories ) ( Creswell, 2003 ) . To manage the quantitative research, a self-administered questionnaire ( a descriptive method ) will be used as it is the most appropriate instrument to roll up primary informations and earlier likely surveies besides used the same technique ( Jenkins, 2001 ; Purcell A ; Quinn, 1996 ) . Questionnaire has every bit advantage to let a big figure of respondents and is less colored and intrusive than other methods ( Brunt, 1997 ; Chellen A ; Nunkoo, 2010 ) ) . Furthermore, it is â€Å" cheaper and quicker † ( Veal, 1998, p. 146 ) and respondents will experience at easiness as they can finish it at their ain gait. To plan the questionnaire some inquiries were borrowed from literatures in the field. The inquiries are in peculiar the statements used to plan the questionnaire ( Chellen A ; Nunkoo, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Czaja and Blair ( 2005 ) , borrowing or accommodating inquiries is allowed and could help this research in many ways ( Chellen A ; Nunkoo ) . 3.4 Determine Sample Unit and Sample Size Sampling is the procedure by which persons belonging to a larger mark population are selected for survey ( Martin, 2010 ) . Underliing the survey of pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry, the paper will hold as mark population, pupils of the University of Mauritius still undergoing the course of study. For the intent of the research, informations will be collected from a selected sample and the sample size for this research will be the whole figure of undergraduate full-timer touristry pupils at the University of Mauritius. Due to the little size of the mark population, it is more dependable to study all the pupils, at all academic degree. Table 1 below inside informations the figure of registered touristry pupils at the University of Mauritius. Academic degree Number of pupils 1 43 2 33 3 53 4 50 Entire 179 Table 2: Number of pupils as per different academic degree Beginning: Register of the Faculty of Law and Management It is to be noted that pupils of twelvemonth three were really on internship as per the demand of the course of study, on the start of their 3rd twelvemonth. Thus upon the technique opted to roll up information ( the questionnaire ) , 3rd twelvemonth touristry pupils unless those holding reseat faculties, were excluded from the sample as they were out of range. 3.5 Pilot Testing Prior to administering the questionnaires to the possible respondents, the questionnaire was pilot tested to prove the relevancy and pertinence of the instrument in the Mauritanian context. As a effect the questionnaire was revised and refined for the study. The questionnaire was pre-tested through 10 respondents from the top-up touristry pupils at the university itself. Upon aggregation the information, three inquiries needed to be added to subdivision B to increase the significance of proving work experience. The respondents qualified the questionnaire as being easy to make full and the English linguistic communication rather simplistic. It took the respondents about 10 proceedingss to finish the questionnaire. 3.6 Data Collection Datas required for this paper lies in both primary and secondary informations. As primary informations, information will be collected from a self-administered questionnaire with a multi-dimensional and multi-item attitude graduated table tested and used by Kusluvan and Kusluvan ( 2000 ) followed by Aksu and Koksa ( 2005 ) , while for secondary beginning, informations will be largely collected from relevant academic diaries and cyberspace web sites. The relevant questionnaires were distributed among the undergraduate pupils at the university itself, whichever the academic degree. 3.7 Questionnaire Structure The questionnaire has every bit purpose to garner information about and sentiment of a group of people who are under survey. For the intent of this paper, a self-administered questionnaire is used which consists of 2 ( A A ; B ) subdivisions, viz. ; Consists of 9 ( 1-9 ) parts, reciting the 9 factors developed and tested by Kusluvan A ; Kusluvan ( 2000 ) ; each and every, followed by the relevant inquiries to ease informations aggregation. Section A Consists of inquiries to garner the socio-demographic information of the respondents. Section B Figure 3: Questionnaire Structure 3.7.1 Questionnaire Design The questionnaire consists of two parts as mentioned above. Section A is subdivided into 9 elements and under each component there is a set of inquiries that allow that for informations aggregation while subdivision B comprises of 9 inquiries. Both dichotomous and multichotomous inquiries will be used to roll up required information. For multichotomous inquiries in subdivision A, based on old surveies, a 5 point likert scale type of evaluation is used. The evaluation is as follows ; Strongly Disagree Disagree Impersonal Agree Strongly Agree Harmonizing to Ross ( 1995 ) , David A ; Tideswell ( 1998 ) , Bloomquist ( 1998 ) , Okeiyi A ; Bryant ( 1998 ) and Fraser ( 2000 ) , most researcher believe that 5 or 7 point graduated table is most appropriate to mensurate attitude and committedness, unlike the assorted other measuring methods. For the 2nd subdivision of the questionnaire, largely dichotomous inquiries are used ; the ‘Yes No ‘ inquiries. The inquiries were designed to roll up socio-demographic information of the respondents consisting significantly of pupils ‘ experience. 3.8 Execution of the undertaking As the questionnaire design was completed and approved, the questionnaire was distributed amongst the full clip TLR pupils of their several academic degree at the University of Mauritius during the month of October. To maximise response rate, the category representatives of each academic degree provided their aid upon distribution and guaranting completion of the questionnaires. They were geared to assist for the aggregation of the questionnaire as when the pupils were done with them. 3.9 Data Analysis Once collected, all quantitative informations were analyzed utilizing the SPSS ( 16.0 ) . Answers were encoded for usage in the SPSS and tabular arraies, charts and figures derived from the analysis will be of usage for the analysis presentation. 3.10 Preparation of Report The last measure in the research procedure is the study readying. It is where, consequences obtained through the study, are used to exemplify the chief findings of the research undertaking. The findings moreover, allows for reading on the attitude and perceptual experience of the pupils at the university on a touristry calling. 3.11 Limitation of Study Restrictions enveloping this survey are chiefly clip and fiscal restraints. Furthermore, the research was geared towards University of Mauritius pupils merely, therefore restricting this survey to be representative of the overall group of touristry pupils in Mauritius. There are other establishments, secondary and third, either public or private offering touristry instruction plans. As the research is limited to University of Mauritius pupils, the findings would non be important to other pupils from other establishments, therefore to the industry in a holistic consideration. Finally, 3rd twelvemonth pupils, were non built-in of the survey since they were all on internship which is portion and partial of the 3rd twelvemonth course of study. This has brought the population of survey to be restricted figure wise. How to cite Determining The Sample Design Education Essay, Essay examples

Love, Lust, and Adultery; all ingredients of a day Essay Example For Students

Love, Lust, and Adultery; all ingredients of a day Essay time soap opera. Actually this all takes place in the Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne over one-hundred years ago which takes place in Puritan American. Along with many excessive details, Hawthorne, in writing the novel, included quite a bit of symbolism. Obviously the most probable aspect of this symbolism would have to be the Letter A, a burden which Hester Prynne must wear for her sin of Adultery. Making the theme much more complex, he diverts the meaning of this letter a number of times. Almost as in a hall of mirrors, the letter A is reflected, refracted, and duplicated seemingly endlessly throughout the story. Although it changes often, the meaning of the letter always refers back to its main themes. As stated above, the most obvious meaning of the Scarlet A is adultery. But as the story unfolds, the A on her breast begins to represent different things. For example, because of Hesters charitable acts in the community, some people begin to think that the A stands for able. And later when community members see a Scarlet A in the sky on the night of the ministers death, they believe that it must stand for Angel. So through the course of the novel, the Scarlet Letter develops a large variety of meaning. In order to understand the many meanings of the scarlet letter, it is useful to see first how it is shown through the child Pearl who is actually a living representation of the Scarlet Letter herself. Much of the meaning of the A is found in Pearl because she is one of the results of Hesters sin. Hawthorne even goes to the extent of dressing the child as the Letter A, making her a visual representation. Even more so, Pearl appears to have an obsession with the actual Letter A. This co nnection between Pearl and the Scarlet Letter is made early on which allows the reader to derive meaning of the A through Pearls behavior. First of all, Pearl is uncontrollable, hyper, bad-tempered, and lacking all moral values which would be expected from a Puritan child. She is outspoken but often in touch with nature which gives the letter a wild yet natural sense. In examining the meaning of the Scarlet Letter to Hester and her lover, Arthur Dimmesdale, it is important to note their relationship to the Letter A. Hester, unlike Dimmesdale, wears an outward punishment that everyone can see because, naturally it would be impossible to hide the evidence of her affair. Dimmesdale on the other hand keeps his guilt hidden and isolated which ultimately is his main weakness and eventually leads to his breakdown. It is this which develops one of the main themes. That is that Guilt over sin can destroy a person, body, and soul. Chillingworths character also completes another theme. That would be that Revenge destroys both the victim and his seeker. Throughout the novel, Chillingworth devotes his life to getting back at Dimmesdale for committing adultery with his wife and actually destroys himself at an attempt to seek revenge. At the end of the novel, the reader obviously sees that Hester was truly better off then Dimmesdale with her guilt portrayed so that everyone could see it instead of living with the inner pain. Hawthorne ends the book with one moral: Be true! Be true! Be true! Show freely to world, if not your worst, yet some trait where by the worst may be inferred! Human nature holds all aspects of Hesters punishment. To Be true means to understand that we all wear a Scarlet Letter.

Why Your Next Key Content Tool Should Be AMP

If you’ve been researching ways to optimize your mobile website, you may have come across Accelerated Mobile Pages (AMP). There are some key benefits and it’s important to understand what they are. Therefore, I’ve put together a crash course on AMP to get you up to speed. What’s AMP? The AMP project, which was developed by Google and launched in early 2016, is an open-source framework for creating mobile webpages that load fast. You can think of it as an ultra-lightweight version of HTML and it has even been described as â€Å"diet HTML.† But HTML isn’t the only web technology that gets stripped down to meet AMP specifications. The framework also optimizes load times by placing certain restrictions on CSS usage and by not allowing author-written JavaScript. Some of AMP’s biggest gains in speed, however, come from its caching system. The Google AMP Cache acts as a content delivery system, caching your AMP-enabled pages and serving them up more efficiently than if they had been served from your own domain. The Need for Speed Because today’s mobile users have shorter attention spans than ever and are quick to give up on a page if it doesn’t load quickly enough for them, it’s critical to make sure your page load quickly. Research from Google indicates that 53% of users will abandon a website if it takes more than three seconds to load. An AMP-enabled page is designed to load in far less than those dreaded three seconds, with a median load time of under one second. Understanding the Benefits of AMPs There’s no doubt that faster-loading pages are a good thing, but the benefits of AMP-enabled pages are more far-reaching: Improved user experience: When your pages load more quickly, users are more likely to stay on your site and return to it in the future. A positive user experience is also likely to increase conversions. Higher ranking in search results: While AMP isn’t necessarily a ranking factor on its own, there’s no doubt that Google looks more kindly on fast-loading mobile pages. Better visibility: AMP pages are displayed in search results with a lightning bolt symbol. Not only does this help your search results stand out from the crowd, but it may also boost click-through rates as more and more users look for quicker-loading pages. How to â€Å"AMP Up† Your Content If you have a WordPress site, you’re in luck– a plugin by Automatic is available that creates dynamically-generated AMP-enabled pages for you. These pages are accessed by adding /amp to the URLs of your existing posts. If you’re not using WordPress, you’ll have to create and maintain two versions of your web pages: the regular version and the AMP-ready version. Don’t be intimidated by this task, there are plenty of tutorials, templates and boilerplates online to get you started on the right track. AMP is a powerful addition to your current content toolbox, but it won’t deliver success on its own. Even the world’s speediest load times can’t make up for boring content. To get the most out of AMP, you need to ensure that your content is fresh, engaging and well-written. With a steady supply of quality content and the fast load times that come with AMP-enabled pages, you’re sure to see a boost in your search rankings, traffic and overall engagement.

Decker Surname Origin and Family History

Decker Surname Origin and Family History The  Decker surname most commonly originated as an occupational surname for a roofer or thatcher, derived from the Old High German word decker, meaning one who covered roofs with tile, straw or slate. The meaning of the word expanded during the Middle Ages to encompass carpenters and other craftsman and was used to refer to one who built or laid the decks of vessels.  The popular Dutch surname Dekker has the same meaning, derived from the Middle Dutch  deck(e)re, from  decken, meaning to cover. The Decker surname may also derive from the German decher, meaning the quantity of ten; this may also have been a name given to the tenth child. Alternate Surname Spellings: DEKER, DECKER, DECHER, DECKARD, DECHARD, DEKKER, DEKKES, DEKK, DECK, DECKERT Surname Origin: German, Dutch Where in the World Is the Decker Surname Found? According to World Names PublicProfiler, the Decker surname is the most commonly found, based on percentage of population, in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is also a very popular surname in the countries of Luxembourg and Germany. The Forbears surname distribution map for 2014 identifies the Decker surname as being very popular in Sierra Leone, based on frequency distribution. Famous People With the Decker Surname Jessie James Decker -  American country pop singer-songwriter and reality T.V. personalityEric Decker - American National League Football wide receiverDesmond Dekker - Jamaican  singer-songwriter and musicianThomas Dekker -  English  dramatist and pamphlet writer Genealogy Resources for the Surname DECKER Decker Family Genealogy Forum - Search this popular genealogy forum for the Decker surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Decker surname query.FamilySearch - DECKER Genealogy - Explore over 1.3 million results, including digitized records, database entries, and online family trees for the Decker surname and its variations on the FREE FamilySearch website, courtesy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.GeneaNet - Decker Records - GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Decker surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.Ancestry.com: Decker  Surname - Explore over 2.4  million digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Decker surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com Resources and Further Reading Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

ATP Definition and Importance in Metabolism

ATP Definition and Importance in Metabolism Adenosine triphosphate or ATP is often called the energy currency of the cell because this molecule plays a key role in metabolism, particularly in energy transfer within cells. The molecule acts to couple the energy of exergonic and endergonic processes, making energetically unfavorable chemical reactions able to proceed. Metabolic Reactions Involving ATP Adenosine triphosphate is used to transport chemical energy in many important processes, including: aerobic respiration (glycolysis and the citric acid cycle)fermentationcellular divisionphotophosphorylationmotility (e.g., shortening of myosin and actin filament cross-bridges as well ​as  cytoskeleton construction)exocytosis and endocytosisphotosynthesisprotein synthesis In addition to metabolic functions, ATP is involved in signal transduction. It is believed to be the neurotransmitter responsible for the sensation of taste. The human central and peripheral nervous system, in particular, relies on ATP signaling. ATP is also added to nucleic acids during transcription. ATP is continuously recycled, rather than expended. Its converted back into precursor molecules, so it can be used again and again. In human beings, for example, the amount of ATP recycled daily is about the same as body weight, even though the average human being only has about 250 grams of ATP. Another way to look at it is that a single molecule of ATP gets recycled 500-700 times every day. At any moment in time, the amount of ATP plus ADP is fairly constant. This is important since ATP is not a molecule that can be stored for later use.​ ATP may be produced from simple and complex sugars as well as from lipids via redox reactions. For this to occur, the carbohydrates must first be broken down into simple sugars, while the lipids must be broken ​into  fatty acids and glycerol. However, ATP production is highly regulated. Its production is controlled via substrate concentration, feedback mechanisms, and allosteric hindrance. ATP Structure As indicated by the molecular name, adenosine triphosphate consists of three phosphate groups (tri- prefix before phosphate) connected to adenosine. Adenosine is made by attaching the 9 nitrogen atom of the purine base adenine to the 1 carbon of the pentose sugar ribose. The phosphate groups are attached connecting and oxygen from a phosphate to the 5 carbon of the ribose. Starting with the group closest to the ribose sugar, the phosphate groups are named alpha (ÃŽ ±), beta (ÃŽ ²), and gamma (ÃŽ ³). Removing a phosphate group results in adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and removing two groups produces adenosine monophosphate (AMP). How ATP Produces Energy The key to energy production lies ​with the  phosphate groups. Breaking the phosphate bond is an exothermic reaction.  So, when ATP loses one or two phosphate groups, energy is released. More energy is released breaking the first phosphate bond than the second. ATP H2O → ADP Pi Energy (Δ G -30.5 kJ.mol-1)ATP H2O → AMP PPi Energy (Δ G -45.6 kJ.mol-1) The energy that is released is coupled to an endothermic (thermodynamically unfavorable) reaction in order to give it ​the  activation energy needed to proceed. ATP Facts ATP was discovered in 1929 by two independent sets of researchers: Karl Lohmann and also Cyrus Fiske/Yellapragada Subbarow. Alexander Todd first synthesized the molecule in 1948. Empirical Formula C10H16N5O13P3 Chemical Formula C10H8N4O2NH2(OH2)(PO3H)3H Molecular Mass 507.18 g.mol-1 What Is ATP an Important Molecule in Metabolism? There are essentially two reasons ATP is so important: Its the only chemical in the body that can be directly used as energy.Other forms of chemical energy need to be converted into ATP before they can be used. Another important point is that ATP is recyclable. If the molecule was used up after each reaction, it wouldnt be practical for metabolism. ATP Trivia Want to impress your friends? Learn the IUPAC name for adenosine triphosphate. Its  [(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl(hydroxyphosphonooxyphosphoryl)hydrogen phosphate.While most students study ATP as it relates to animal metabolism, the molecule is also the key form of chemical energy in plants.The density of pure ATP is comparable to that of water. Its 1.04 grams per cubic centimeter.The melting point of pure ATP is  368.6 °F (187 °C).

Discuss, making the comparison between collective bargaining, Essay

Discuss, making the comparison between collective bargaining, conducted with trade unions, and employee involvement practices de - Essay Example The trade unions to make their bargaining process more effective take the assistance of ruling parties in the region. This helps in intensifying the process of collective bargaining taken by its members. The process of collective bargaining taken by the members participating in a trade union earns success by rendering collective stress on the management. Specifically, collective bargaining is conducted by the employees to better effectively regulate their payment and working terms in the organization (Flanders, 1968.39, 41). In comparison to the process of collective bargaining practiced by employees under the umbrella of trade unions the employees can also be encouraged by the managers to participate in organizational decision-making. This process helps in augmenting the factor of employee loyalty towards the concern and makes them more responsible in fulfilling their commitments to pursue end goals. The employees can be involved by the management to take decision in key areas and i n key matters, which they feel to be affecting their personal interests. This process highlights a democratic face of the concern where workers are treated equally as managers. Differences solved in the floor levels through mutual understanding pave the way for better managerial action in achievement of organizational objectives. (Employee Consultation and Involvement, n.d. 3-5). Trade Unions help the employees to raise their voices. Without the formation of unions the employees feel the dearth of putting collective effort on the management. Again trade unions tend to wither away without the active participation of the employees acting as members. The twentieth century tries to involve employee voice in the workplace in order to establish a harmony. This was a newly popularizing notion transforming from concerns about industrial associations with collective rights to representation towards a very recent human resource management strategy emphasizing upon involvement of employees and their participation. The idea of voice was derived form two components. First, the practice of employee representation was inferred from the realization that the laborers have the legal influence on the terms under which they work and in order to bring about fairness they might render their suggestions in this context. The second component is employee involvement and participation, which acknowledges that the potential of employees can render, benefits to the organization (Taras, 2003. 293). The paper attempts to illustrate the different approaches (such as trade unions and employee involvement) of maintaining employee relations within an organization. Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining Trade Unions The nature of trade unions can be depicted as bodies built for conducting bargaining activities in order to achieve organizational objectives. Trade unions tend to bargain by standing in the existing social system without making any endeavor to change the social structure. The emplo yees of an organization to achieve any revolutionary or reformist objectives do not construct the trade unions. Rather workers jointly participate to form a trade union with a view to better up their economic and working conditions. These workers are not driven by a political philosophy to form such organizations. Trade Unions only help the workers enhance the parameters of their own betterment.

UK renewable resources and policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UK renewable resources and policy - Essay Example It accelerates the distribution of onshore wind with the magnificent projects in Europe under the construction in Scotland and Wales. Renewable energy emanates from the solar energy especially the sun or other sources. Renewable resources in developed countries subsidize the cost of electricity because if well stored they can be used for an extended period, cheaply. Leading producers of renewable energy, the production of renewable energy in the UK occurs in several ways. Fundamentally, several schemes provide the financial support for renewable. The main reason is that renewable technologies are more expensive to build than conventional ones. Wind power in the UK is strategically located, with some of the favorable conditions such as the existence of high-speed winds. The country has strategic wind farms where UK sources its energy and anticipates expansion in the future. Biomass is from any living thing as well as from materials such as biodegradable waste, food waste, and animal manure. Biomass creates the anaerobic digestion process making a biogas used as electricity and heat generation. It is combustible, therefore, supports thermal power, and heat generation, and can be refined to become methane and injected into the gas grid (Dauncey, 2009). Wind energy is the most harnessed source of power promoted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Wind energy contributes significantly to the UK’s energy supplement, with an output of 15.5 TWH in 2011, equal to annual electricity demand of 4.7 million homes. The wind turbines are traditionally located onshore while installed offshore. The wind installation varies from large commercial wind farms to smaller developments. It is more convenient to generate power for household or community. A single 2.5MW wind turbine produces enough electricity to meet the requirements of most individual (Garche 2014, p. 138). The hydroelectric power

Pythagoras Theorem and Financial polynomials Essay Example for Free

Pythagoras Theorem and Financial polynomials Essay Pythagoras Theorem and Financial polynomials Introduction                   Ahmed and Vanessa have interest in locating a treasure, which is buried. It is my responsibility to help the two locate it. First, I will help them locate it by the use of Pythagorean quadratic. As per Ahmed’s half, the treasure is buried in the desert (2x + 6) paces form the Castle Rock while as per Vanessa’s half she has to walk (x) paces to the north then walk (2x + 4) paces to the east. According to the Pythagorean theorem, every right angled triangle with length (a) and (b) as well as a hypotenuse (c), has a relationship of (a2 + b2 = c2) (Larson Hostetler, 2009).                   In Ahmed and Vanessa’s case, I will let a=x, b =2x+4 and then c=2x+6. To follow, will be my efforts to put the measurements above into the real Pythagoras theorem equation as follows: X2+ (2x+4)2=(2x+6)2 this is the equation formed out of the Pythagoras Theorem X2+42+16x+16 = 42+ 24x+36 are the binomials squared x2 42 on both sides can be subtracted out. X2+16x+16 = 24x +36 subtract 16x from both sides X2+16 = 8x+36 now subtract 36 from both sides X2-20 = 8x X2-8x-20=0 I will use to solve the function by factoring using the zero factor. (x-) (x+) the coefficient of x2 Application and selection from the following (-2, 10: -10,2: -5,4; -4, -5) In this case, it seems that I am going to use -10 and 2 is as per how the expression looks like this (x-10)(x+2)=0 X-10=0 or x+2=0 creation of a complex equation x=10 or x=-2 these are the two probable resolutions to this equation.                   One of the two calculated solutions is an extraneous solutions, as it do not work with such sceneries. The remaining solution I only have is (X=10) as the number of paces Ahmed and Vanessa have to accomplish to find the lost treasure. As a result the treasure is 10 paces to the north 2x+4 connect the 10, now its 2(10)+4=24 paces to the east of Castle Rock, or 2x+6= 2(10)+6=26 paces from Castle Rock. Financial polynomial                   For the case of financial polynomials, I have first to write the polynomial without the parenthesis. Following the above, I have to solve for p= 2000 + r = 10% for part A and then solve for p= $5670 + r = 3.5% for part B, without the parenthesis as follows: P + P r + P r2/4 (the original polynomial) to reach this I followed the following steps: (1 + r/2)2 This is because it looks as if it is foil P(1 + r/2) P (1+r/2)(1+r/2) After the two equations I combine like terms. Because I am multiplying by 2 on r/2, it cancels out both 2’s and I then get left with is r as follows; P(1+ r/2 + r/2 + r2/4) P(1 + 2(r/2) + r2/4) I then write in descending order (P + Pr + Pr2) To solve for P=2000 and r=10% the following follows; P + Pr + Pr2/4 2000 + 2000 Ãâ€"(0.10) +2000Ãâ€" 0.1024 2000 + 200 + 5 = $2205 P(1+ r/2)2 2000Ãâ€"( 1 + .10)2 2000Ãâ€"(1.05)2 2000Ãâ€"( 1.1025) = $2205 For part B I will solve for P=5670 and r= 3.5% P + Pr + P Ãâ€"(r2/4) 5670 + 5670Ãâ€" (0.035) + 5670 Ãâ€" 0.0352 5670 + 198.45 + 1.7364375 = 5870.1864375 This is approximately ($5870.19) The problem 70 on page 311 has the following steps; (-93 + 32 – 15x) à · (-3x) The Dividend is (-93 + 32 – 15x), and the Divisor is (-3x). The Dividend is (-93 + 32 – 15x), and the Divisor is (-3x). -93 + 32 15x -3xAfter I divide -9 by -3 which equals +3. The x on the bottom cancels the x from the top. -93 + 32 – 15x -3x -3x -3x -9* x*x* x I am now left with 32 for the first part of the polynomial. -3 * x -9*x *x * x -3 * x I first divide 3 by -3, which equals -1 and the x from the bottom cancels out one of the x’s from the top. -93 + 32 – 15x -3x -3x -3x 3 *x *x At this point I am left with -1x, which simplifies to just –x, as the second part of the polynomial. Then -3 *x 3 *x * x -3 * x Then I divide -15 by -3, which equals positive 5, and the x on the bottom cancels out the x on the top, so you do not have any x’s to carry onto the answer of the equation. -93 + 32 – 15x -3x -3x -3x -15 *x At this point I am left with only 5 for the last part of the polynomial, and the answer is 32 – x + 5. -3 * x -15 * x -3 * x                   The negative sign from the -3 x changes the plus sign in the equation to a minus sign, it changes the minus sign to a plus sign in the final answer, and the equation is in Descending order. Reference Larson, R., Hostetler, R. P. (2009). Elementary and intermediate algebra. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin Source document

Essay example --

1 John Adams—the first vice president of the United States, an American Founding Father, and well-educated Republican—is most commonly known for being the second president of the United States. As a lifelong opponent to slavery, Adams never bought a slave in his life. He assisted Thomas Jefferson in the writing of the Declaration of Independence, and helped negotiate the peace treaty with Great Britain. Adams won the Presidential Election in 1796 with only having only three votes more than Thomas Jefferson. But John Adam’s life wasn’t all based on presidency, obviously. His early life was just as normal as anyone else’s. John Adams was born on October 30, 1735 in Quincy, Massachusetts to John Adams Sr. and Susanna Boylston. Adam’s birthplace is now part of Adams National Historical Park. [3] He was born into a normal but not wealthy farming family. His father earned a living as a farmer and shoemaker about fifteen miles away from Boston. Adams loved the outdoors, and was always skipping school to go hunting and fishing. He would have preferred a life as a farmer, but later on his dad insisted that he get a formal education. Adams attended a local school that was designed for teaching skills of reading and writing, and he also attended a Latin school for those who planned to go to college. Adams commonly praised his father and indicated that he and his father were very close when he was a child. Young Adams went to Harvard College at age sixteen in 1751. His father expected him to become a minister, but Adams had doubts. After graduating in 2 1755, he taught school for a few years in Worcester, allowing himself time to think about his career choice. Later on, he decided to become a lawyer, and studied law in the office of John P... ...ever owned a slave either. I think it would have been better if he made it so it was illegal to own a slave but then that would have caused more problems for his presidency and lots of people would vote against him. I think that once everyone found out about Adams being against slavery, that’s what hurt him in the election when he ran for his second term and got beat. I also like that he was all about making the world peaceful, even though he knew people would hate him for it. The way Adams handled wars was good because he was always finding a way to make it to peace without actually physically fighting or going to war. Although there were wars that they went to, Adams did what he had to do to get it over with. He made his way around war as much as possible. Overall, John Adams is one of my favorite presidents mostly because of what he did and what he believed in. Essay example -- 1 John Adams—the first vice president of the United States, an American Founding Father, and well-educated Republican—is most commonly known for being the second president of the United States. As a lifelong opponent to slavery, Adams never bought a slave in his life. He assisted Thomas Jefferson in the writing of the Declaration of Independence, and helped negotiate the peace treaty with Great Britain. Adams won the Presidential Election in 1796 with only having only three votes more than Thomas Jefferson. But John Adam’s life wasn’t all based on presidency, obviously. His early life was just as normal as anyone else’s. John Adams was born on October 30, 1735 in Quincy, Massachusetts to John Adams Sr. and Susanna Boylston. Adam’s birthplace is now part of Adams National Historical Park. [3] He was born into a normal but not wealthy farming family. His father earned a living as a farmer and shoemaker about fifteen miles away from Boston. Adams loved the outdoors, and was always skipping school to go hunting and fishing. He would have preferred a life as a farmer, but later on his dad insisted that he get a formal education. Adams attended a local school that was designed for teaching skills of reading and writing, and he also attended a Latin school for those who planned to go to college. Adams commonly praised his father and indicated that he and his father were very close when he was a child. Young Adams went to Harvard College at age sixteen in 1751. His father expected him to become a minister, but Adams had doubts. After graduating in 2 1755, he taught school for a few years in Worcester, allowing himself time to think about his career choice. Later on, he decided to become a lawyer, and studied law in the office of John P... ...ever owned a slave either. I think it would have been better if he made it so it was illegal to own a slave but then that would have caused more problems for his presidency and lots of people would vote against him. I think that once everyone found out about Adams being against slavery, that’s what hurt him in the election when he ran for his second term and got beat. I also like that he was all about making the world peaceful, even though he knew people would hate him for it. The way Adams handled wars was good because he was always finding a way to make it to peace without actually physically fighting or going to war. Although there were wars that they went to, Adams did what he had to do to get it over with. He made his way around war as much as possible. Overall, John Adams is one of my favorite presidents mostly because of what he did and what he believed in.

Namesake: Different Cultures Essay

The movie The Namesake explored many issues with regards to culture and the relationships in which we create within different cultures. Throughout the movie issues with parents, partners, different cultures and death all play a key role in purveying the messages the director wanted to get across. When the Ganguli family has to move from India to New York we see how relationships change and how Ashima has to change in order to adapt to the American lifestyle. Gogol who is Ashima’s son first started having a relationship outside his culture and without the backing from his parents with a wealthy white girl, Max. In the Bengali culture it is not accepted to have a relationship outside the same ethnicity. At first he embraced it and took on the American way of life, listening to American music, drinking wine and socializing with Max and her parents. Ashima never directly showed her disapproval of his choices but would frown upon them. From this relationship he drifted further away from his parents, spending more time with Max until the death of his father. From this tragedy he resorts back to his Indian culture where Max does not support this change. Furthermore the relationship fails due to not seeing eye to eye on the cultural differences and understanding his heritage and ways in which his family are bounded together through this connection. Later in the movie Gogol starts a relationship and marries Moushumi she is within the same culture, Ashima had previously tried to bring the two of them together in the past. She approves of the relationship and the practicing of the Indian culture they do together. However later on in the movie we find out Moushumi has been unfaithful. Even though both sets of parents approve of the marriage and the relationship it still fails, as this is not what Moushumi wants. It is more of what her parents and Gogols parents want. Due to this their relationship is doomed from the start as they are both living their parents wishes rather than their own. In contrast to both of Gogols relationships his parents Ashima’s and Ashoke’s marriage is a success in regards to the fact that it didn’t end from any doing of their own. Their marriage started as arranged through their parents. Due to both of them missing their Indian heritage after moving to the US they wanted to keep that very much a part of them. With this connection they both seemed to be happy and not want to rebel against societal norms and therefore their relationship seems to be a success. They embraced the American way of life but kept their Indian culture a big part of their life. Overall I really enjoyed the movie. It gave a lot of perspectives on life and how it is easy to get caught up in the society you live in and forget about who brought you into the world. The movie gave the audience a great insight into how family relationships form and how they can drift apart if you don’t make a conscious effort to stay in touch with that side. This is very much relevant to my life and me being in this American society as I have family back in England and it is easy to get caught up with everything America has to offer and the opportunistic way of life. However I still need to remember my family and keep a strong connection between them even though I am in another country.

Love and Pisces Woman

He is very emotional and always allow himself to be very emotional. He can have a good night sleep and be in a good mood, and less than few hours at work he can be very moody. He does not understand things or try to understand things easily. If you notice him carefully, you will notice what kind of moods he is in. He is a thinker and able to do well at work and always succeed. His normal gestures mean he always look at other people faults, but he will not talk about it. He has the ability to know your thought and able to tell you what you are thinking about. He can mostly memorize all his anger, his loves. They are his important secrets and he will keep them to himself and will never let you know. He is not a very ambition man and careless about his position in society. Wealth does not drawn his attention, because he is not greedy man and as well he thinks money is not something that will last. He could be very careless about his future. He does not like to fight against all odds, but instead following the stream and make life easier. Sometimes because he likes to take an easy path, which cause him very unsteady future. He is kind and slightly lazy, but it is his cute character. He hates rules and regulations. He will never look down on people. He is a polite guy and can be very aggressive when he is mad. He loves to think that he lives in a beautiful world and surround by nice people, so if he finds his world is cruel and not what he expects, he will live in his world instead. His other charm is that he is a funny guy, and it is his real weapon. He can tease you and yet make it looks like one of his joke. Even when he is sad, he still has that funny face, so you could hardly tell if he is mad or depress. He likes to hide his feeling and help other people especially those who need friend or lonely. He will be everything that you want and everything you do not want. He has a chance to make it as much as a chance to fail. He can determine to make it work and can do it well, except he tends to lost his energy with other important things, that’s how he miss many of his good opportunity. He can be happy and content by himself. What he think is important is not â€Å"Love† ,but firm status and stability. He has plenty of love for you. He is a good speaker, as much as he is a good listener. When he is with you, he wants to be happy. He understand his partner’s emotional. He likes to take a long rest and sometimes being alone. If he needs to be alone, try not to disturb him. He is a sensitive, quiet , shy and easily hurt. He wants to feel worthy. He can be mad and noisy, but once he calm down, he will be that happy person again. He is not a jealous or possessive guy, and if he feels jealous he will hide it. He has many friends of both sex, and he care about his friends. He likes to have lots of friends, so you can not get jealous or else you will loose him. He likes beautiful things, so if a pretty woman walk by he will look ,so do not get mad at him knowing this fact. When he is lonely or feeling sad, be close to comfort him. He does not like to take advice,so if you want him to listen or to follow your advice, you have to act as a good sample for him first. He likes a cheery and a smart woman. If you treat him like he is your special person, then he will be that special person for you. He will trust you if he is in love, but try not to over doing it and spoil him too much. You have to know yourself worth all the time too. PISCES WOMAN She likes to be in a dream world than to be in reality. She is weak and sensitive when it’s come to â€Å"Love†. She can cry if her best friend is breaking up, and she can be over excited when her friend gets a new boy friend who is a good looking and rich even it is nothing concerned her at all. You might be surprise to see that she is shy just because she is in love. More or less it will be in Pisces woman. She loves small animal and gifted in training animals. She has sixth senses and she can guess what will happen next, it’s her nature. Even she has a good sixth senses, she can not pick or foreseen her own choice of lover. She can not tell if she meet a sincere guy or a one night stand guy. She likes to buy and pick her own cloths. She likes to dress cute and be cute. Pisces woman tend to be a good looking woman and she has a nice skin. Her hands and feet are small and soft. Pisces woman loves to shop for shoes as if she collects them. She is a hot lady that everyone wants her. Whether she has a man in her life or not , she will never try to over powered any man. It’s not even in her thought. She thinks man can handle things better, and she will make her man feel that way. She is an easy going person, so being with her is easy. She is a confident woman and likes to make people who stay with her happy. She knows how to please and how to comfort a man. If something is wrong, she will try to make other people belief that it’s must be because of someone else, not because of her love one. She will not push her man to be ambition but to make him feel like he should be happy with the way he is now. She is happy with you for what you are now. A Pisces woman , if she has a bad childhood, she will always remember it and it will make her a very unhappy person. She will pity herself and feel sorry for herself. She tends to hurt herself with out knowing it and so vulnerable to drugs (real drugs or just sleeping pills). She has many choices and you can never tell which path she going to take. If you love her , then hold her tight because she never knows why she did what she did or what she will do next. A complex character. You may think she is a shy innocent type and can not hurt anyone, then you are wrong. You might think she is a fragile person who needs protection, wrong again. She has been through a lot, a tough cookie. She is a dreamer and love the word â€Å"Love†, so she is the type who will buy gift for anyone for any occasion, especially if it is a gift for wedding or an anniversary even for someone who she does not know so well. Be very careful if fall in love with Pisces woman. She can be a total different person before and after. She can be an angle before and later a witch, but everyone is not perfect, right? She will be soft and gentle most of the time, so not to worry. She is emotional and extremely sensitive when she frequently got hurt. She is the type who can cry her heart out. She can have a secret fear inside, when she says she does not need anyone. She badly needs someone to protect her, but sometimes she can hide that feeling by being stubborn. She likes to hide her shyness and her weakness from her enemy. She does not like to follow any fixed rules. She can be a good housewife if you know how to handle her. Many men will ask to marry her because she is a 100% woman. If she wants to be sweet, she is a real angles.

Free Essays on Discerning The Truth About Osman Gazi

One of the primary frustrations of Ottoman historians from the last two centuries is the lack of objectivity and historical fact in some of the original writings- namely the Anonymous Chronicles and Asikpasazade’s History. Some have gone as far as saying that these writings have little to no value, while other historians have based their theories mainly upon events reported in the aforementioned works. Though, to cast aside any source based on the fact that it displays political bias or folklore instead of history would be a blunder from which we might not be able to recover, save the discovery of another, better â€Å"original† source. Holding out hope for something like this is worthless, though, and disregarding one’s responsibility as an historian. There must be a middle ground- distinguishable from the chronicles- to stand upon when viewing Ottoman history. As a result, the Anonymous Chronicles and Asikpasazade’s History need to be contextualized, not simply thrown out from the discussion. Many historians have tried to do this, but after all is said and done, many also neglect to comment on what the sources actually do end up offering us. After each source has been dismantled into its constituent parts (which can usually be separated in to categories of political biases, personal/familial interest, among other things) these categories need to be resurrected and pasted back together, albeit in a different manner than before. In this paper, an attempt will be made to discern the accomplishments and embellishments of a particularly important Ottoman historical figure- Osman. He is arguably the central figure in the beginnings of the sedentary civilization which propagated and prospered into an empire, transforming the Middle Eastern world and shaping the growth of European civilization. Before deconstructing the original sources, it is important to understand their context and what information they bring to the tabl... Free Essays on Discerning The Truth About Osman Gazi Free Essays on Discerning The Truth About Osman Gazi One of the primary frustrations of Ottoman historians from the last two centuries is the lack of objectivity and historical fact in some of the original writings- namely the Anonymous Chronicles and Asikpasazade’s History. Some have gone as far as saying that these writings have little to no value, while other historians have based their theories mainly upon events reported in the aforementioned works. Though, to cast aside any source based on the fact that it displays political bias or folklore instead of history would be a blunder from which we might not be able to recover, save the discovery of another, better â€Å"original† source. Holding out hope for something like this is worthless, though, and disregarding one’s responsibility as an historian. There must be a middle ground- distinguishable from the chronicles- to stand upon when viewing Ottoman history. As a result, the Anonymous Chronicles and Asikpasazade’s History need to be contextualized, not simply thrown out from the discussion. Many historians have tried to do this, but after all is said and done, many also neglect to comment on what the sources actually do end up offering us. After each source has been dismantled into its constituent parts (which can usually be separated in to categories of political biases, personal/familial interest, among other things) these categories need to be resurrected and pasted back together, albeit in a different manner than before. In this paper, an attempt will be made to discern the accomplishments and embellishments of a particularly important Ottoman historical figure- Osman. He is arguably the central figure in the beginnings of the sedentary civilization which propagated and prospered into an empire, transforming the Middle Eastern world and shaping the growth of European civilization. Before deconstructing the original sources, it is important to understand their context and what information they bring to the tabl...

Poverty and Inequality in the United States

Poverty and Inequality in the United States Americans are proud of their economic system, believing it provides opportunities for all citizens to have good lives. Their faith is clouded, however, by the fact that poverty persists in many parts of the country. Government anti-poverty efforts have made some progress but have not eradicated the problem. Similarly, periods of strong economic growth, which bring more jobs and higher wages, have helped reduce poverty but have not eliminated it entirely. The federal government defines a minimum amount of income necessary for the basic maintenance of a family of four. This amount may fluctuate depending on the cost of living and the location of the family. In 1998, a family of four with an annual income below $16,530 was classified as living in poverty. The percentage of people living below the poverty level dropped from 22.4 percent in 1959 to 11.4 percent in 1978. But since then, it has fluctuated in a fairly narrow range. In 1998, it stood at 12.7 percent. What is more, the overall figures mask much more severe pockets of poverty. In 1998, more than one-quarter of all African-Americans (26.1 percent) lived in poverty; though distressingly high, that figure did represent an improvement from 1979, when 31 percent of blacks were officially classified as poor, and it was the lowest poverty rate for this group since 1959. Families headed by single mothers are particularly susceptible to poverty. Partly as a result of this phenomenon, almost one in five children (18.9 percent) was poor in 1997. The poverty rate was 36.7 percent among African-American children and 34.4 percent of Hispanic children. Some analysts have suggested that the official poverty figures overstate the real extent of poverty because they measure only cash income and exclude certain government assistance programs such as Food Stamps, health care, and public housing. Others point out, however, that these programs rarely cover all of a familys food or health care needs and that there is a shortage of public housing. Some argue that even families whose incomes are above the official poverty level sometimes go hungry, skimping on food to pay for such things as housing, medical care, and clothing. Still, others point out that people at the poverty level sometimes receive cash income from casual work and in the underground sector of the economy, which is never recorded in official statistics. In any event, it is clear that the American economic system does not apportion its rewards equally. In 1997, the wealthiest one-fifth of American families accounted for 47.2 percent of the nations income, according to the Economic Policy Institute, a Washington-based research organization. In contrast, the poorest one-fifth earned just 4.2 percent of the nations income, and the poorest 40 percent accounted for only 14 percent of income. Despite the generally prosperous American economy as a whole, concerns about inequality continued during the 1980s and 1990s. Increasing global competition threatened workers in many traditional manufacturing industries, and their wages stagnated. At the same time, the federal government edged away from tax policies that sought to favor lower-income families at the expense of wealthier ones, and it also cut spending on a number of domestic social programs intended to help the disadvantaged. Meanwhile, wealthier families reaped most of the gains from the booming stock market. In the late 1990s, there were some signs these patterns were reversing, as wage gains accelerated especially among poorer workers. But at the end of the decade, it was still too early to determine whether this trend would continue. - Next Article: The Growth of Government in the United States This article is adapted from the book Outline of the U.S. Economy by Conte and Carr and has been adapted with permission from the U.S. Department of State.

Peer Coaching Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Peer Coaching - Assignment Example Program briefing for all teachers: 2 handouts namely: Briefing Handout and Peer Coaching Program Handout are to be given out to all teachers to be signed up and returned. Power point slide presentation on the Briefing handout is to include: Touching the core of teachers by valuing teaching skills through acknowledging the peak highlights of the teaching milestone. Explaining the power of questioning to solve problems, giving and receiving feedback from peer coachers, using reflection tools to build learning and experience, educate and implement the Peer Coaching Observation process. With a worksheet, the observer will note their behaviour, analyze and interpret them, educate and implement the Peer Coaching Feedback process. On a non-teaching day, a 4 hour workshop will be implemented with the teamed volunteers who will note down what they observed from the participating teachers. A follow up will be made one week later with the observation analyzed and interpreted. This process of observation, analysis and interpretation will be passed on to the participating teachers. They will then do their analysis and interpretation and checked by the respective volunteers as evaluation. A centralized hierarchical... Explaining the power of questioning to solve problems, giving and receiving feedback from peer coachers, using reflection tools to build learning and experience, educate and implement the Peer Coaching Observation process. With a worksheet, the observer will note their behaviour, analyze and interpret them, educate and implement the Peer Coaching Feedback process. 3) Selecting teams (matching teachers)Teachers are matched accordingly to the following criteria: same areas of subject, same gender preferences, good fit of time schedule, complementary/ reinforcing personality traits, common agreement to be matched, same set beliefs, same intellectual level, fit of skills and same work attitudesThese fields are tabulated and matched with mutual approvals of the coach andcoachee. 4) Scheduling an initial round of clinical cycles On a non-teaching day, a 4 hour workshop will be implemented with the teamed volunteers who will note down what they observed from the participating teachers. A follow up will be made one week later with the observation analyzed and interpreted. This process of observation, analysis and interpretation will be passed on to the participating teachers. They will then do their analysis and interpretation and checked by the respective volunteers as evaluation. 5) Monitoring the peer-coaching program A centralized hierarchical system will be implemented where monthly, all teachers will submit their data to the volunteering teachers and then to the HODs or sub- heads and meet in person every quarterly year. At all times enquiries and feedbacks can be made informally

African Short Story + Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

African Short Story + Questions - Coursework Example At the end of the story, the young boy walks to the bend of the river and forces himself to vomit the handful of grapes he has consumed. This is symbolic of his loss of innocence with regard to the grandfather whom he has hitherto idolized and loved wholeheartedly. The dates, which the boy considers to rightfully belong to Masood, have been given to the boy by his grandfather. They have come to signify the payment of a debt. This leaves a bad taste in the sensitive boy’s mouth. He vomits the dates to distance himself from his grandfather’s actions. The boy, in the innocence of his youth, takes things at face value. He obviously adores and idolizes his grandfather, considering him to be a â€Å"giant† among men. His sense of identity is centered round the mosque and in relation to his grandfather – the approval of the imam and that of his grandfather are equally important to him. He is a lover of nature, and empathizes with Masood’s concern for the date trees. He is sympathetic to the poor man’s plight. The grandfather is an avaricious, ruthless man, whose rise in social position has been at the cost of his humanity. He is obviously a powerful man in the community. His hypocrisy is evident in his reciting of his prayers and his approval of his grandson’s knowledge of the Koran, while simultaneously holding Masood in the vice of debt. He considers land to be the symbol of power and determinedly covets the little Masood still owns. He is jealous of Masood’s inherited wealth. Masood is a man who loves the land which he has inherited. His concern for nature is evident in his admonition to the boy, â€Å"Be careful you dont cut the heart of the palm.† Despite being helpless to overcome the debt and poverty, he sings and laughs and takes delight in life. His attachment to his ancestral land is deep, and is not just in terms of material

ELO Reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ELO Reflection - Assignment Example Auto racing eliminates human interaction in competition and takes a certain amount of success or failure of the hands of competitors. Racers chasing the feeling of adrenaline that one gets only in a race car as they come close to replicating any medication or other human experience. This feeling is addictive and consume. All you think about is running, and if you are not on the track, everything you think you want to go to the race next time. The drivers love their racing cars and love to go fast more than anything else. And once you master a particular form of the race, you want to go even faster. But the faster you go, the more dangerous it can be. You know as the driver how the race can be dangerous? Absolutely. Family members know that it is dangerous? Yes, they do. They know that all can be lost on the track, their families, their jobs and their way of life, if something goes wrong? Of course they do. Every veteran racer has been in a serious accident. It is often the first serious accident that causes the rotor to reassess the situation. Not everyone comes back from this first serious accident, and it is com mon to see riders leave the drivers seat on total because of the insistence of family and friends. I got an opportunity to be a part of the thrill. I remember walking to the rear of the pit garages eventually three-quarters of the way through the race and triggered a latecomer mechanic. I asked him what it was like running with the circus sports, traveling the world in a race to the next. When I went, it was the last year of the (relatively small) V8, and as shelled cars in curves and deep breakthrough, deep in the ears is something that you do not much of what cars and fans are doing as much fun as the race itself is not possible to follow in person. Wind cars tearing eyes, your face pecks rubber patches, and the

A Case Study Of Barclays Bank Ghana Marketing Essay

A Case Study Of Barclays Bank Ghana Marketing Essay Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a broadly used and accepted strategy for nurturing a firms relationship with clients and business prospects. It involves the use of globally accepted technological tools to technically organise and synchronize work procedures, especially in the area of sales and marketing and technical support. The principal aim of CRM is to search, attract, and keep customers, grow and retain already existing ones and try to win back lost customers as well as cut down on costs of business service. For any firm to start, grow and remain in business the customer is vital and as such CRM is of key importance. Business success means that firms must see CRM as an area to invest in it is an investment and not be counted as a cost. However, if CRM is not handled properly it can be costly and detrimental to any firm. On the other hand, if well applied it will go a long way to enable any firm retain its clients base and subsequently grow its business. CRM to a very large extent affects the movements rate of customers in any industry, for the purposes of this research; the banking industry will be examined. Attrition rate is hugely dependent on CRM; customers in the banking industry have grown in terms of choice and control. A company therefore needs to strategise critically in its bid to retain customers. Of key importance in CRM is not just smiling faces but value in service delivery or superior product, leading to customer satisfaction and therefore customer loyalty and retention, which is the pivot of financial performance (Reichheld et al 2000; Hesket et al 1997, Reichheld, 1994). 1.1 GHANAS BANKING INDUSTRY ANALYSIS The Banking industry is highly competitive industry with 26 Banks currently competing for Corporate and Retail Clients. The industry is vastly capitalized with a total share holders fund of over One billion, Eight hundred thousand (GH ¢1,854,648,000), culminating to an average of over seventy one million of share holders fund per bank (GH ¢71,332,620.00). This may seem adequate per bank, regarding the upward adjustment of the Stated Capital by Bank of Ghana by 2012. The average share holders fund is however misleading as a number for banks are still struggling to even meet the twenty five million minimum capital requirement by 2010. In reality, it is only just about eight Banks whose capital is meets the Sixty million required by 2010. The Regulation to increase the minimum capital requirement of the banks comes on the back of the discovery of Oil in Commercial Quantities. This is required to position the banks strongly to take be able to take up larger transactions. While only f our (SCB, BBG, GCB and EBG) banks control almost 50% of the total assets held by the banking industry, the other twenty two banks are competing to increase their asset base to enable them compete with the larger banks. Profitability in the industry is quiet competitive as only four banks (BBG, FAMB, UTB and BSIC) made losses. The rest of the Banks made profit. With the developing new oil economy and the resulting expansion in the Ghanaian Economy, Banks are faced with a better opportunity to increase their profitability and consequently, their asset base. They are however faced with loan recovery difficulties resulting in an average of 18% of loans disbursed going bad. The Continual reduction of Inflation to 9.44% and the Policy lending rate of Bank of Ghana, has forced the base lending rate of the Bank Interest rates downwards. This however has ignited a price competition in the industry culminating into a debate on whether interest rates should reduce any further than it has, espe cially when loans default rate remains high (www.ghanaweb.com,www.bft.com) 1.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON BARCLAYS GHANA Barclays Bank Ghana is one of the biggest and first foreign banks to enter the Ghanaian economy at a time in which the three major banks namely Barclays, Standard Chartered and Ghana Commercial Bank and enjoyed oligopolistic positions before other banks entered the industry. Barclays has operated in Ghana for ninety four years. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Barclays Bank PLC. Its vision is to become the best bank for every customer, in every branch, for every product and every time. Barclays Bank of Ghana Limited has an expansive retail and commercial banking network in the country with 92 branches and over 130 ATMs in all regional capitals and major towns. Its products and services are targeted particularly at the business and corporate, as well as retail customers. Barclays offers a wide range of commercial, Retail and Treasury products and services. It also offers local business banking product and services for Small Medium Enterprises and indigenous businesses (http://www.ba rclays.com/africa/ghana/barclays_in.htm). The Bank of Ghana in February, 2010 named Barclays Bank of Ghana Limited the biggest foreign bank and also the largest bank in terms of capacity to handle transactions in Ghana. In June 2009, Barclays launched its Bancassurance proposition in partnership with Enterprise Life Assurance Company Limited (ELAC) to enhance our product range with insurance product such as Term, Family Funeral Plan and Education Plan for the convenience of its customers. The Banks Premier Banking offers tailor made solutions and one-on-one banking to its high net worth. The Premier proposition amongst others offers; dedicated banking suites, financial planning, lifestyle alliances, global access to Premier lounges (airport) etc. In addition Premier Life, a new service proposition to replace Prestige Banking has been introduced. It is targeted at customers who require convenient banking, quick and efficient service as well as a level of privacy and recognition. The Barclays Offshore Banking Unit, the first of its kind in Ghana and indeed Africa South of the Sahara, continues to offer world class banking service to non-resident private clients and corporate. Industries financed by Barclays include cocoa, the backbone of the countrys economy; timber; gold and other minerals as well as business in the manufacturing sector and commerce. The banks sustainability programme focuses on three pillars. Banking for brighter futures; Looking after local communiti es and Charity begins at work. Barclays uses these key pillars to support developmental projects across Ghana. More than 80% of staff are involved in voluntary community programmes annually. Dubbed Make a Difference Day, it is the biggest corporate voluntary activity in Ghana. Barclays Bank of Ghana Limited is part of the Barclays Africa Group comprising ten (10) African markets under Barclays PLC(http://www.barclays.com/africa/ghana/barclays_in.htm) 1.3 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift from transaction focused policies to customer relationship focused policies. This is because the fundamental task of business is to create and keep a customer in a sustainable way and at an acceptable return to a shareholder. Levitt, Marketing Myopia. Majority of industries all over the business world have made varying efforts to go along with this shift in order to be able to retain the largest customer base possible. Some have managed it successfully whiles others are still woefully behind, and as such unable to break even. This dissertation is therefore aimed at examining the impact of CRM on customer attrition and also uncovers most appropriate methods of application. As a matter of fact it has become necessary to pursue this field as research to boost efforts of industries in their bid to uphold CRM in their business operations in order to retain and grow their customer base. An in depth knowledge of CRM and its appropriate use re veals that it reduces attrition. Thus the aim of this research work is to critically investigate the strategies of CRM and how it can be used to boost customer retention. The outcome of this research will establish CRM as the lifeline to any industry and hopefully get firms to adopt to it and grow their business. 1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Based on previous study, it has been established that bad CRM practise can be very damaging for any business. A recently released Harris Interactive study confirms that a bad customer service experience with your company is enough to make a majority of consumers run for the hills. The study reported that 80% of 2,049 US adults surveyed decided never to go back to a business/organization after a bad customer service experience. The study clearly indicates that an organizations customer service level is a defining factor that will make or break a company (www.crm2day.com/library/50483.php). Thus it is no doubt CRM is one of the main factors contributing to the rise or fall of an industry. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The purpose of this research work is to; Understand clearly the concept of CRM Provide reasons why industries need to invest in CRM Explore the extent to which industries focus on CRM Establish the merits and de-merits of CRM Suggest the methods of application of CRM 2.1 RESEARCH QUESTION As a follow up to the aims and objectives of this research, certain questions will be examined using the findings and suggestions of some experts in this field as background. Jankowicz (2000) advocates strongly that knowledge does not exist in a vacuum, thus the present research only has value in relation to the work already done by other people. With the above as a basis, this research work will aim at finding answers to the questions below; A definite description of Customer Relationship Management( CRM) How does CRM boost business success? What are the various ways of CRM application? Is CRM a field to invest in at all? How important are customers to any industry? Why do banks need CRM? 2.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY With recent developments in the concept of CRM and its impact on business industries Huber et al.(2001) state that many marketing strategists and industrial-organization (IO) economists emphasize that creation of superior customer value is a key element for ensuring companies success ; it has become crucial to re-examine by research work the whole area of CRM establishing its importance and highlighting reasons why industries need to give more focus to this area. The results of the research will significantly achieve the following: Contribute to the knowledge providing good understanding of the key factors in CRM Establish CRM as a field to be invested in Assist industries that want to adapt CRM strategically Constitute a useful addition to work already done in the field Provide a basis for further research 2.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This research will be limited to the banking industry with specific focus on Barclays Bank. It would have been profitable to include other service industries but this will not be possible considering the broad nature of CRM and the costs and time constraints which relates to the time frame within which this results needs to be submitted. CHAPTER THREE 3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 INTRODUCTION Customer relationship management (CRM) is bringing together of people, processes, and technology seeking to provide understanding of customer needs, to support a business strategy, and to build long-term relationships with customers. Successful usage of the integrated technology requires appropriate business processes and organizational culture to adequately address human behavioural elements. Because it is not simply a technology solution, success in CRM business is largely dependent on people. Customer relationship management (CRM) is a combination of people, processes, and technology (Chen and Popovich, 2003) that seeks to provide understanding of customer needs (Stringfellow et al., 2004), to support a business strategy (Ling and Yen, 2001; Bull,2003), and to build long-term relationships with customers (Wayland and Cole, 1997). Although enabled by information systems, CRM is not a technology solution (Rigby et al., 2002; Chen and Popovich, 2003). The core processes are handled b y people and requires clear understanding of the goals of key decisions and system-people interactions. To appreciate the concept of CRM an evolution of it needs to be highlighted. 3.2 EVOLUTION OF CRM From the 1980s to the 2000s the research of CRM have progressed tremendously (Ling and Yen, 2001; Goldenberg, 2006). The evolution of CRM started from target marketing (Prabhaker, 2001) and sales force automation (West, 2001) to relationship marketing (Gronroos, 1994) and has increased the demand for customer information management. However, as the scope of CRM grew, comprehensive emphasis on technology has become the focus. At the same time, the increased interest in CRM technology management has downplayed the importance of people issues, which are intimately responsible for successful CRM implementations (Goldenberg, 2006). New forms of competition and structural modifications of exchange processes have led to the emergence of the relationship paradigm for creating long-term relationships among customers and suppliers. This is partly due to the globalisation of business, internationalisation, deregulation, information technology advances, shorter product life cycles, and the evolv ing recognition of the relationship between customer retention and profitability (Morgan and Hunt, 1994; Zineldin and Jonsson, 2000; Chandra and Kumar, 2000; Sahay, 2003; Stefanou et al., 2003). Relationship paradigm refers to all activities directed towards establishing, developing and maintaining successful relational exchanges (Gro ¨nroos, 1990, 1995, 1996, 1997; Gummesson, 1994; Morgan and Hunt, 1994, cited in Donaldson and OToole, 2002; Sahay, 2003). Through out the 1990s, in many organisations strategies, there was a shift from the need to manage transactions toward relationship management (Light, 2003). While enterprise resource planning (ERP) packages dominated the transaction management era, customer relationship management (CRM) packages lead with respect to relationships. The relationship between marketing strategies and performance has been studied from numerous theoretical perspectives, for example, transaction cost economics (Williamson, 1985, 1993; Park and Kim, 200 3), market orientation (Jaworski and Kohli, 1993; Harris and Piercy, 1999; Martin and Bush, 2003; Nielsen et al., 2003; Stefanou et al., 2003; Shapiro et al., 2003; Bigne ´ et al., 2004), and profit impact of marketing strategy (Kumar et al., 2000). The focus on the content of marketing strategies has been valuable in identifying performance-enhancing strategies (Goodhue et al., 2002; Plakoyiannaki and Tzokas, 2002; Chen and Popovich, 2003). While the concepts presented and discussed in the above perspectives are clearly valuable and have clear meaning, they also reflect a lack of accurate operating elements. Efforts made in this direction have failed to provide the concepts with sufficiently accurate and indicative operating elements (Grisi and Ribeiro, 2004). It is our view that past attempts of extant literature on implementation of customer relationship strategies have been insufficient and not gone far enough in the transition from the old to the new. According to Narayandas and Rangan (2004), empirical research in relationship management has tended to take a snapshot of a relationship at a given time and then attempted to project its trajectory (Croteau and Li, 2003). This gap has prompted researchers such as Anderson (1995), Jap and Ganesan (2000) and Lambe et al. (2001) to call for more field-based research based on case studies that draw on material from the multiple exchange episodes that constitute relationships and that offer insights into the processes of relationship initiation and maintenance (Narayandas and Rangan, 2004). Work on implementation of CRM strategy has focused on database management, direct marketing techniques, e-commerce and customer relationship mechanisms (Ling and Yen, 2001; Winer, 2001; Shoemaker, 2001; Gefen and Ridings, 2002; Fjermestad and Romano, 2003; Apostolou and Mentas, 2003; Croteau and Li, 2003; Bull, 2003; Park and Kim, 2003; Chen and Popovich, 2003; Kotorov, 2003; Scullin et al., 2004). This has been most noticea ble in business to consumer markets, and in services and financial services in particular. Donaldson and OToole (2002), indicated that though not all, many schemes are little more than sophisticated selling. According to Hertz and Vilgon (2002), many CRM implementation projects are fraught with difficulties in terms of technically not delivering the anticipated business benefits. Hertz and Vilgon (2002) indicate that up to 60 per cent of CRM implementation projects fail to live up to expectations. The study reported in this paper aims to contribute to the existing literature on the relationship marketing paradigm and the implementation of customer relationship strategy by examining both of these issues. This is accomplished by providing a better understanding of the components of CRM on the one hand, and the implementation of CRM strategy on the other. CRM systems have been used for a long time to automate processes (Ngai, 2005). However, the system process cannot manage customer re lations (Rigby et al., 2002; Chen and Popovich, 2003) because customer knowledge needs to be comprehended by business managers (Bueren et al., 2005), the face-to-face communication needs to be performed by front-line operators (Stringfellow et al., 2004), and a customer-centric culture needs to be formed by organization architects (Oldroyd, 2005). Although critical to the firm and dynamic in nature, the human side of CRM processes has gained little attention in CRM studies. Indeed, superior value of products/services delivered to customers leads to customer loyalty, the real driver of financial performance (see Reichheld et al., 2000; Heskett et al., 1997; Reichheld, 1994). Reichheld and Sasser (1990) show that, on average, a five percentage points increase in customer retention leads to between 40-50 percent increases in net present value profits. A few years later, Reichheld (1994) reports that a decrease in defection rate (or an increase in retention rate) of five percentage poin ts can increase profits by 25-100 percent and that this result is consistent across a wide array of industries. Satisfaction is a state of mind and it is only important as an indication of the intention of the most important behavior of repeat purchase, favorable word-of-mouth, and referrals. Reichheld (1994) states that customers who describe themselves as satisfied are not necessarily loyal. A cost benefit analysis reveals that huge resource allocation to CRM by businesses world-wide (estimated at $100 billion to date at the time of writing, see www.CRM-forum.com) has been primarily IT driven, not marketing driven. While CRM is meant to be about enabling a customer orientation, often it is not marketers pulling the strings: The serious question for the marketing profession is whether to respond to the challenges raised by new technology. The authors are not suggesting that one size fits all. The assertion by OMalley and Mitussis (2002), that where the ethos of relationship marketi ng does not exist in an organisation, it may be prudent for marketers to limit their CRM ambitions to advanced database marketing, is very sensible. But the disruption of new technology gives marketers, at the very least, opportunities to improve their internal influence. Many respondents in this research doubted whether CRM can control attrition rate in the business industry. My hypothesis suggests that CRM powered by technology and human involvement can control attrition rate in the business industry specifically banking where fierce competition is fuelling switching from bank to bank by customer. Are switching costs too low to dissuade clients from staying loyal to a particular bank? CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 METHODOLOGY The research seeks to explore the topic through the use of qualitative data. The choice of methodology will give the researcher an in-depth view, Easterby-Smith et al (2002), (Deshpande ´, 1983) on the extent to which CRM could go to control the attrition rate in the banking industry. This section extensively considers the research methods, tools and techniques available to achieve the aims and objectives and also to justify the use of the research method that will be employed in this study. Jankowicz (1995) describes methodology as the analysis of and justification for the part method(s) used in undertaking research. Furthermore, methodology seeks to explain the research procedure adopted by a researcher and should consist of the following: research design, data collection methods, sampling, field work, analysis and interpretation of data (Boyd, 1981). As asserted by Oppenhein (1992) for every social research there is the need to examine appropriate methodologies necessary for con ducting a particular study. As further stated by Oppenhein (1992) it is often seen that as research takes shape the aims of the research undergoes a number of subtle changes as a consequence of greater clarity in thinking, such changes may require a new or better design, which in turn will lead to a better specification for the instruments of measurement. Sources of data are the carriers of information and basically there are two sources of data- primary and secondary (Ghauri et al., 1995). Saunders et al, (2003) identified a third source as tertiary. However, it must be emphasised that while tertiary and secondary sources of data form the basis of the literature review, primary data sources are linked to the empirical research. As suggested by Kinnear and Taylor (1996), when research objectives include identifying problems or spotting potential opportunities, the use of exploratory research is the most suitable method. Easterby-Smith et al. (2002) argue that the knowledge of differ ent research traditions enables one to adapt a research design to cater for constraints. A qualitative research approach is used because it is a valuable means of finding out what happened; to seek new insights; to ask questions and assess phenomena in a new light (Robson, 2002). It great advantage is that it is flexible and adaptable to change, as in conducting exploratory research the researcher must be willing to change direction as a result of new data that appears and new insights that occur to the researcher (Saunders et al., 2003). As further reinforced by Adam and Schvaneveldt (1991) flexibility is inherent in exploratory research which does not mean there is no sense of direction to the enquiry but rather that the focus is initially broad and becomes progressively narrower as the research progresses. However, qualitative biases can also occur and result in inaccurate measurement and findings. 4.1 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION/ SOURCE Both primary and secondary data will be used in this research. The primary data will be obtained from the semi-structured telephone interviews with some Barclays customers in Ghana. A semi-structured interview is suggested so as to obtain relevant information through the use of open-ended questions thus encouraging the interviewee to emphasize his/her point of interest (Easterby-Smith et al., 2002; Healey, 1991; Jankowicz, 2000). Individual in-depth interviews are deployed to provide the anonymity essential in allowing sensitive internal material to be revealed. It is also the most practical way of getting participation from busy Barclays customers. The interviews were semi-structured with a topic guide to provide some structure and consistency to the interviews, as advocated by a number of researchers (Miles and Huberman, 1989). The secondary data will be obtained from the companys website, published materials such as, academic journals, newspaper articles, search engines and books. Ghauri et al, (1995) says it all that the purpose of secondary data is to frame the problem under scrutiny, identify relevant concepts, methods and techniques and facts to position the research. 4.2 SAMPLE FRAME AND STRATEGY There will be sample size determination on the data collected. A total of 100 Barclays Bank customers will be interviewed. Also, due to time and budget constraints involved with the research, the sample would be a convenient size. Indeed. The interviews will be transcribed and analyzed with the use of a simple median. Thus the software Microsoft Excel will be used to calculate the percentage and numbers to clarify the data. It is worth emphasizing that due to the small size of the study, a deviance may appear in the result. CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND SAMPLING PROBLEMS As said above, there are limitations associated with the data collection through the means of semi-structured interviews. It is necessary to consider data quality issues such as reliability, bias, validity and generalizability which are seen as important to any qualitative research. According to Easterby-Smith et al. (2002) reliability in qualitative research is concerned with the probability of whether another researcher who has the same research will come up with similar information and findings. According to the authors (pp 53) reliable research tries to find answers to three questions. The first is will the measure yield the same results on other occasions? Secondly will similar observations be reached by other observers? Thirdly is there transparency in how the raw data will be analyzed? Thus for this study the researcher believes that reliability will be dealt with as previous research has been carried out on the small business sector which the researcher will be making use of including some materials through secondary data. Also, with the use of qualitative, non-standardised research, the result of the study implies that findings are not intended to be repeatable, as they reflect the reality at the time of collecting the data, which might be subject to change (Marshall and Rossman, 1999). In addition, bias on the side of the interviewee or interviewer can also affect the quality of the research; hence it should be noted that being aware of this, the researcher will ensure in the design of the interview questionnaire and also in terms of asking the right questions to get the required answers in line with the aims and objectives of the research. The researcher at all times Endeavour not to use any verbal or non-verbal behaviour that could affect the quality of the interview. Also a lot of readings will be undertaken in terms of text books, as well as obtaining guidelines from a professional interviewer and through practice. According to Saunders et al. (2003) validity is concerned with whether the results are what they appear to be. Oppenheim (1992) also notes that sample accuracy is more important than its size, in that there is a compromise between the theoretical sampling size and practical limitations such as time and costs. In terms of validity the researcher deems this to be high as the method used, that is, the in-depth interview will give the researcher a hands-on experience and the ability to see the reactions of the respondents through their interactions. The last issue will be the generalizability which according to Saunders et al., (2003) is the situation whereby findings of a research are applicable to other research settings. 5.1 ETHICAL ISSUES / CONSIDERATION Ethical issues occur when undertaking any kind of research and these have to be taken into consideration. Research ethics refer to the acceptability of a researchers behaviour towards the rights of subjects of research. To ensure this, researchers behaviour is guided by the code of ethics appropriate to academics and the profession or association of the researcher (Saunders et. at, 2003). The goal of ethics in research is to ensure that no one is harmed or suffers adverse consequences from research activities (Cooper and Schindler, 2003). According to Easterby-Smith et al. (2002) the ability to explore data or to seek explanation through qualitative methods will require a greater scope for ethical issues. This is particularly important when the data collected during interviews for example concerns sensible subjects or private stories, etc (Denzin and Lincoln, 1998). This issue is relevant in this research, as Barclays Bank customers will be asked about their finances and other privat e issues regarding possible attrition. The researcher however, is aware that when it comes to issues about finance, people are reluctant to give information. Hence the researcher will take the necessary action to avoid any such issues. Thus this research will consider the anonymity and privacy of respondents and accordingly would be based on the consent of respondents who will be provided with a cover letter, informing them of the purpose of the research and also providing assurance of the confidentiality of information given. Also, the name of the researcher as well as the University will be given in order to avoid any ambiguity. As a result, the researcher will be conversant with ethical considerations and both the researcher and respondents will be protected. 5.2 RESEARCH TIME TABLE 2010-2011 SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY Identification of research area 1ST    4th Formulation of research questions 6th Formulation of research strategy, 9th research design and selection 15th   methods Writing of the research proposal 20rd Negotiation of access 26th Literature review 29th 5th 27th Data collection 8th 24th Data analysis 28th 19th Writing the first draft 2nd 15th Writing the second draft 20th 2nd Writing the final draft 15th Dissertation due date 30th BIBLIOGRAPHY Rafaeli, A. and Sutton, R., (1987) Expression of Emotion as Part of the Work Role, Academy of Management Review, pp. 23-37